Superficial layer: zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch --> mandibular ramus.

Middle layer: zygomatic arch --> mandibular ramus.

Deep layer: zygomatic arch --> mandibular ramus and coronoid process of the mandible. There is debate as to whether the masseter attaches to the articular disc of the TMJ.

The dura mater receives myofascial attachments in the craniocervical junction from…

Movement of CSF contained within the dural (thecal) sac in the subarachnoid space is determined by…

Diploic veins are valveless channels traveling intraosseously in the diploic space between the inner and outer tables of the calvaria (diploë). 

Anatomy of the extraocular muscles: there are seven extraocular muscles…

There is increasing insight into the role of the production and absorption of CSF and interstitial fluids into the lymphatic system.

Upper cervical headaches can have, in part, a distrtibution that shares a trigeminal nerve pain pattern. Chou and Lenrow (2002) identified C2 and C3 headache pain patterns as…

Anatomy of the brachial plexus…

The following is based on the work: Complex regional pain syndrome: a recent update (2017). En Lin Goh, Swathikan Chidambaram, and Daqing Ma.

Standring (2015) found the surface anatomy of the diaphragm to be at end-tidal inspiration to extend down to the right 5th intercostal space and left r6 both in the midlclavicular line. It can range from the 4th intercostal space to below the costal margin.

The pericardium is located behind the sternum and r2-6 costal cartilages. It is separated into an outer and inner layer…

At the pelvic brim the urogenital fascia accompanied the ureters and the hypogastric nn. into the pelvis…

Femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve symptoms are a common presentation in osteopathic practise.

These symptoms are not always caused by an entrapment neuropathy. However, cases that are and amenable to osteopathic treatment can be greater understood by appreciating the relation of the femoral nerve and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve to the psoas, iliacus, fascia iliaca and inguinal ligament.

Fine architecture of the fascial planes around the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve at its pelvic exit: an epoxy sheet plastination and confocal microscopy study (2018). Xu Z, Tu L, Zheng Y, Ma X, Zhang H, Zhang M. 

The pes anserine is composed of the: 

Sartorius.

Gracilis.

Semitendinosus.

The supraspinous ligament forms part of the posterior ligamentous system of the vertebral column. It is a strong fibrous cord that connects the tips of the spinous processes…

Cranial tension is associated with various different conditions from headaches and migraines to temperomandibular joint dysfunction. Myofascial and neurological reflexes can provide an interesting insight into the pathology of these type of disorders. The main clinical points listed in this article are:

The relations of the gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata to the rectus femoris can have important clinical applications to patients with hip and anterior thigh pain.

Subacromial bursitis and soft tissue pathologies are common problems associated with the shoulder.

Stecco et al (2009) found the crural fascia composed of three layers of parallel, collagen fibre bundles separated by a thin layer of loose connective tissue. Only a few elastic fibres were found…